Bini-aadmigu waxa ay isticmaaleen agabka polymeric-ka ah ee dabiiciga ah sida alwaax, maqaar iyo dhogor tan iyo bilowgii taariikhda, laakiin polymers-ka synthetic waxa ay suurto-gashay uun ka dib markii la sameeyay tignoolajiyada caagga ah sannadihii 1800-aadkii.Maaddada polymer synthetic ee Ž rst, celluloid, waxaa alifay John Wesley Hyatt 1869kii, laga soo bilaabo nitrate cellulose iyo camphor.Horumarka weyn ee polymers-ka synthetic waxa uu ahaa ikhtiraacii Bakelite ee uu sameeyay Leo Hendrik Baekeland sanadkii 1907. Hermann Staudinger shaqadiisa 1920-meeyadii waxa ay si cad u muujisay dabeecadda makromolecular ee silsilado dhaadheer oo soo noqnoqda.1 Erayga 'polymer' waxa uu ka yimid Giriig qaybo'.Kobaca degdega ah ee warshadaha polymerka ayaa bilaabmay wax yar ka hor Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, iyada oo la sameeyay horumarinta polymers acrylic, polystyrene, naylon, polyurethane iyo soo bandhigid ku xigtay polyetylen, polyetylen terephthalate, polypropylene iyo polymers kale 1940-meeyadii iyo 1950-meeyadii.Iyadoo kaliya 1 milyan oo tan la soo saaray 1945, wax soo saarka balaastikada mugga ayaa dhaaftay tii birta ee 1981, farqiga ayaa si joogto ah u korayay tan iyo markaas.
Polymers-ka saafiga ah si dhif ah ayaa loo farsameeyaa iyaga.Waxaa lagu daraa walxo kale, sida caadiga ah isku darka makaanikada ama dhalaalida isku dhafka gobolka si loo soo saaro pellets, budada ama akees si loo isticmaalo hawlgallada habaynta ee xiga.Xeryahooda waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku lug yeeshaan Ž llers (si loo yareeyo kharashka), xoojinta, polymers kale, midabada, ame retardants, xasiliyayaal (si looga hortago inay ka sii xumaato iftiinka, kulaylka ama arrimo kale oo deegaanka) iyo qalabyada kala duwan ee qalabka.
polymers synthetic waxa loo qaybin karaa laba qaybood.Thermoplastics (ilaa inta ugu badan mugga ugu weyn) waxaa lagu dhalaali karaa kuleyl, adkeysi qaboojin iyo dib u dhalaali si isdaba joog ah.Noocyada ugu waaweyn waa polyetylen (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyetylen terephthalate (PET) iyo polyamide (PA, naylon).Heerkulbeegyada kuleyliyaha waxaa lagu adkeeyaa isticmaalka kulaylka iyo cadaadiska, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku-xirnaanta, ie abuuritaanka shabakado saddex geesood ah oo joogto ah.Laguma jilcin karo kululaynta dib u habaynta.Bakelite, epoxies iyo polyurethane badankood waa heerkulbeegyo.
Dulmarka hadda la joogo waxa uu si gaar ah u go'an yahay habaynta heerkulbeegyada.Heerkulbeegyada ganacsiga ee heerkulbeegga ah ayaa loo kala saaraa iyadoo loo eegayo waxqabadkooda 'badeeco' (waxqabad hooseeya, sida PE, PP, PS iyo PVC), 'Engineering' (sida PC, naylon iyo PET) ama 'horumarsan' (waxqabadka ugu sarreeya, sida polymers crystal dareere (LCPs), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) iyo polyethertherketone (PEEK)).Kobaca qarxa ee la filayey ee injineernimada iyo polymers-ka horumarsan ma dhicin.Isticmaalka balaastikada ayaa si isdaba joog ah u korayay soddonkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, laakiin inta badan qaybta badeecadaha.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, polymers-ka badeecada ayaa gaaraya ~ 88% mugga la soo saaray, 3 balaastikada injineernimada ~ 12% iyo horumaray wax ka yar 1%.In kasta oo qiimaha polymers-ka horumarsan ee kiiloogaraam uu aad uga badan yahay kuwa polymers-ka badeecooyinka, qiimaha ay adduunku u leeyihiin dhaqaaluhu wali aad ayuu u yar yahay.
Caagagga alaabtu waxay leeyihiin awood hoose iyo qallafsanaantooda marka la barbar dhigo biraha ama dhoobada, waxayna u muuqdaan inay soo bandhigaan xoog la dabaqay.Waxa kale oo ay leeyihiin xaddidaad heerkulka isticmaalkooda sida adkaha ah (inta badan waxay dhalaalaan inta u dhaxaysa 100-250 ° C).Qaabka xajinta ee balaastikada badeecadu waa ~ 1 GPa (marka la barbar dhigo 210 GPa ee birta ah).Horumarin Signi-Ž waxa lagu gaadhi karaa la toosiyo silsiladaha polymerka.Dhab ahaantii, curaarta kaarboon-kaarboonka aad bay u xoog badan yihiin, oo hal Ž baroorta polyetylenka ayaa lagu soo saaray qiyamka modules ee ka sarreeya birta.Hanuuninta sare waxaa lagu gaari karaa farsamooyin processing gaar ah, tusaale ahaan extrusion iyo sawir ku xiga heerkulka hoose.Heerkulka hooseeya silsiladaha polymerku waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaq xaddidan, jihayntuna way sii jirtaa ka dib kala bixinta.Soo saaristii dhawaa iyo horumarka hal goob, kicinta ku salaysan metallocene waxay keentay darajooyin cusub oo polymers-ka badeecada ah oo koontaroolay qaab dhismeedka molecular oo leh astaamo la hagaajiyay.
Wax soo saarka adduunka ee polymers wuxuu kordhay 3 min 27 milyan oo tan 1975 ilaa ~ 200 milyan oo tan sanadkii 2000 walina wuu sii kordhayaa.Sida lagu sheegay warbixin dhowaan la soo saaray, 4 shixnadaha bacaha ah ee gudaha Maraykanka sannadkii 2000 waxay gaarayeen $330 bilyan, warshadaha wax soo saara waxay iibiyeen $90 bilyan, taasoo ka dhigeysa wadarta guud ee sanadka $ 420 bilyan.Wadarta guud ee shaqaalaynta ayaa lagu qiyaasay 2.4 milyan - ilaa 2% shaqaalaha Maraykanka.Kobaca warshadaha polymer-ka waa natiijada isku-dhafka gaarka ah ee alaabooyinka caagga ah, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan qaabeynta fudud iyo samaynta, cufnaanta hoose, caabbinta daxalka, korantada iyo kuleylka kuleylka, iyo inta badan qallafsanaanta iyo adkaanta halbeeg kasta.
Waqtiga post: Feb-04-2018